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Oracle Advanced Security Administrator's Guide
Release 2 (9.2)

Part Number A96573-01
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B
Authentication Parameters

This appendix illustrates some sample configuration files with the necessary profile file (sqlnet.ora) and database initialization file (init.ora) authentication parameters, when using CyberSafe, Kerberos, RADIUS, or SSL authentication.

This appendix contains the following topics:

Parameters for Clients and Servers using CyberSafe Authentication

Following is a list of parameters to insert into the configuration files for clients and servers using CyberSafe.

Table B-1 CyberSafe Configuration Parameters
File Name Configuration Parameters

sqlnet.ora

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=(cybersafe) 
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_GSSAPI_SERVICE= 
oracle/dbserver.someco.com@SOMECO.COM
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_KERBEROS5_SERVICES=oracle
SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CONF=/krb5/krb.conf
SQLNET.KERBEROS5_REALMS=/krb5/krb.realms
SQLNET.KERBEROS5_KEYTAB=/krb5/v5srvtab

initialization parameter file (init.ora)

REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT=FALSE
OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX=""

Parameters for Clients and Servers using Kerberos Authentication

Following is a list of parameters to insert into the configuration files for clients and servers using Kerberos.

Table B-2 Kerberos Authentication Parameters
File Name Configuration Parameters

sqlnet.ora

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=(KERBEROS5)   
SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_KERBEROS5_SERVICE=oracle    
SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CC_NAME=/usr/tmp/DCE-CC  
SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CLOCKSKEW=1200   
SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CONF=/krb5/krb.conf  
SQLNET.KERBEROS5_CONF_MIT=(FALSE)
SQLNET.KERBEROS5_REALMS=/krb5/krb.realms  
SQLNET.KERBEROS5_KEYTAB=/krb5/v5srvtab

initialization parameter file (init.ora)

REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT=FALSE
OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX=""

Parameters for Clients and Servers using RADIUS Authentication

The following sections describe the parameters for RADIUS authentication

sqlnet.ora File Parameters

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES

This parameter configures the client or the server to use the RADIUS adapter. Table B-3 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-3 SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES=radius

Default setting

None

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION

This parameter sets the location of the primary RADIUS server, either host name or dotted decimal format. If the RADIUS server is on a different machine from the Oracle server, you must specify either the host name or the IP address of that machine. Table B-4 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-4 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION=RADIUS_server_IP_address

Default setting

localhost

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_PORT

This parameter sets the listening port of the primary RADIUS server. Table B-5 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-5 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_PORT Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_PORT=port_number

Default setting

1645

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_TIMEOUT

This parameter sets the time to wait for response. Table B-6 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-6 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_TIMEOUT Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_TIMEOUT=time_in_seconds

Default setting

5

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_RETRIES

This parameter sets the number of times to re-send. Table B-7 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-7 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_RETRIES Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_RETRIES=n_times_to_resend

Default setting

3

SQLNET.RADIUS_SEND_ACCOUNTING

This parameter turns accounting on and off. If you enable accounting, packets will be sent to the active RADIUS server at the listening port plus one. By default, packets are sent to port 1646. You need to turn this feature on only when your RADIUS server supports accounting and you want to keep track of the number of times the user is logging on to the system. Table B-8 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-8 SQLNET.RADIUS_SEND_ACCOUNTING Parameter Attributes  
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_SEND_ACCOUNTING=on

Default setting

off

SQLNET.RADIUS_SECRET

This parameter specifies the file name and location of the RADIUS secret key. Table B-9 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-9 SQLNET.RADIUS_SECRET Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_SECRET=path_to_RADIUS_secret_key

Default setting

$ORACLE_HOME/network/security/radius.key

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE

This parameter sets the location of an alternate RADIUS server to be used in case the primary server becomes unavailable for fault tolerance. Table B-10 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-10 SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE=alternate_RADIUS_server_hostname_or_IP_address

Default setting

off

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_PORT

This parameter sets the listening port for the alternate RADIUS server. Table B-11 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-11 SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_PORT Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_PORT=alternate_RADIUS_server_listening_port_number

Default setting

1645

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_TIMEOUT

This parameter sets the time to wait for response for the alternate RADIUS server. Table B-12 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-12 SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_TIMEOUT Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_TIMEOUT=time_in_seconds

Default setting

5

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_RETRIES

This parameter sets the number of times that the alternate RADIUS server re-sends messages. Table B-13 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-13 SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_RETRIES Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_ALTERNATE_RETRIES=n_times_to_resend

Default setting

3

SQLNET.RADIUS_CHALLENGE_RESPONSE

This parameter turns on or turns off the challenge-response, or asynchronous, mode support. Table B-14 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-14 SQLNET.RADIUS_CHALLENGE_RESPONSE Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_CHALLENGE_RESPONSE=on

Default setting

off

SQLNET.RADIUS_CHALLENGE_KEYWORD

This parameter sets the keyword to request a challenge from the RADIUS server. User types no password on the client. Table B-15 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-15 SQLNET.RADIUS_CHALLENGE_KEYWORD Parameter Attributes  
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_CHALLENGE_KEYWORD=keyword

Default setting

challenge

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_INTERFACE

This parameter sets the name of the Java class that contains the graphical user interface when RADIUS is in the challenge-response (asynchronous) mode. Table B-16 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-16 SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_INTERFACE Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_AUTHENTICATION_INTERFACE=Java_class_name

Default setting

DefaultRadiusInterface (oracle/net/radius/DefaultRadiusInterface)

SQLNET.RADIUS_CLASSPATH

If you decide to use the challenge-response authentication mode, RADIUS presents the user with a Java-based graphical interface requesting first a password, then additional information--for example, a dynamic password that the user obtains from a token card. Add the SQLNET.RADIUS_CLASSPATH parameter in the sqlnet.ora file to set the path for the Java classes for that graphical interface, and to set the path to the JDK Java libraries. Table B-17 describes this parameter's attributes.

Table B-17 SQLNET.RADIUS_CLASSPATH Parameter Attributes
Attribute Description

Syntax

SQLNET.RADIUS_CLASSPATH=path_to_GUI_Java_classes

Default setting

$ORACLE_HOME/jlib/netradius.jar:$ORACLE_HOME/JRE/lib/sparc/native_threads

Minimum RADIUS Parameters

sqlnet.authentication_services = (radius)
sqlnet.authentication = IP-address-of-RADIUS-server
sqlnet.radius_challenge_response = ON

Initialization File (init.ora) Parameters

REMOTE_OS_AUTHENT=FALSE
OS_AUTHENT_PREFIX=""

Parameters for Clients and Servers using SSL

There are two ways to configure a parameter:

SSL Authentication Parameters

This section describes the static and dynamic parameters for configuring SSL on the server.

Parameter Name (static):

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES

Parameter Name (dynamic):

AUTHENTICATION

Parameter Type:

String LIST

Parameter Class:

Static

Permitted Values:

Add TCPS to the list of available authentication services.

Default Value:

No default value.

Description:

To control which authentication services a user wants to use.

Note: The dynamic version supports only the setting of one type.

Existing/New Parameter

Existing

Syntax (static):

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = (TCPS, selected_method_1, selected_method_2)

Example (static):

SQLNET.AUTHENTICATION_SERVICES = (TCPS, cybersafe)

Syntax (dynamic):

AUTHENTICATION = string

Example (dynamic):

AUTHENTICATION = (TCPS)

Cipher Suite Parameters

This section describes the static and dynamic parameters for configuring cipher suites.

Parameter Name (static):

SSL_CIPHER_SUITES

Parameter Name (dynamic):

SSL_CIPHER_SUITES

Parameter Type:

String LIST

Parameter Class:

Static

Permitted Values:

Any known SSL cipher suite

Default Value:

No default

Description:

Controls the combination of encryption and data integrity used by SSL.

Existing/New Parameter

Existing

Syntax (static):

SSL_CIPHER_SUITES=(SSL_cipher_suite1[, SSL_cipher_suite2, ... SSL_cipher_suiteN])

Example (static):

SSL_CIPHER_SUITES=(SSL_DH_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA)

Syntax (dynamic):

SSL_CIPHER_SUITES=(SSL_cipher_suite1

[, SSL_cipher_suite2, ...SSL_cipher_suiteN])

Example (dynamic):

SSL_CIPHER_SUITES=(SSL_DH_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA)

Supported SSL Cipher Suites

Oracle Advanced Security supports the following cipher suites:

SSL Version Parameters

This section describes the static and dynamic parameters for configuring the version of SSL to be used.

Parameter Name (static):

SSL_VERSION

Parameter Name (dynamic):

SSL_VERSION

Parameter Type:

string

Parameter Class:

Static

Permitted Values:

Any version which is valid to SSL. (0, 3.0)

Default Value:

"0"

Description:

To force the version of the SSL connection.

Existing/New Parameter

New

Syntax (static):

SSL_VERSION=version

Example (static):

SSL_VERSION=3.0

Syntax (dynamic):

SSL_VERSION=version

Example (dynamic):

SSL_VERSION=3.0

SSL Client Authentication Parameters

This section describes the static and dynamic parameters for configuring SSL on the client.

Parameter Name (static):

SSL_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION

Parameter Name (dynamic):

SSL_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION

Parameter Type:

Boolean

Parameter Class:

Static

Permitted Values:

TRUE/FALSE

Default Value:

TRUE

Description:

To control whether a client, in addition to the server, is authenticated using SSL.

Existing/New Parameter

New

Syntax (static):

SSL_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION={TRUE | FALSE}

Example (static):

SSL_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION=FALSE

Syntax (dynamic):

SSL_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION={TRUE | FALSE}

Example (dynamic):

SSL_CLIENT_AUTHENTICATION=FALSE

SSL X.509 Server Match Parameters

This section describes the parameters that are used to validate the identity of a server that the client connects to.

SSL_SERVER_DN_MATCH

Parameter Name

SSL_SERVER_DN_MATCH

Where stored

sqlnet.ora

Purpose

Use this parameter to force the server's distinguished name (DN) to match its service name. If you force the match verifications, SSL ensures that the certificate is from the server. If you choose to not enforce the match verification, SSL performs the check but permits the connection, regardless if there is a match. Not forcing the match lets the server potentially fake its identity.

Values

yes|on|true--Specify to enforce a match. If the DN matches the service name, the connection succeeds; otherwise, the connection fails.

no|off|false--Specify to not enforce a match. If the DN does not match the service name, the connection is successful, but an error is logged to the sqlnet.log file.

Default

Oracle8i and Oracle9i:.FALSE. SSL client (always) checks server DN. If it does not match the service name, the connection succeeds but an error is logged to sqlnet.log file.

Usage Notes

Additionally configure the tnsnames.ora parameter SSL_SERVER_CERT_DN to enable server DN matching.

SSL_SERVER_CERT_DN

Parameter Name

SSL_SERVER_CERT_DN

Where stored

tnsnames.ora--Can be stored on the client, for every server it connects to, OR it can be stored in the LDAP directory, for every server it connects to, updated centrally.

Purpose

This parameter specifies the distinguished name (DN) of the server. The client uses this information to obtain the list of DNs it expects for each of the servers--to force the server's DN to match its service name.

Values

Set equal to distinguished name (DN) of the server.

Default

n/a

Usage Notes

Additionally configure the sqlnet.ora parameter SSL_SERVER_DN_MATCH to enable server DN matching.

Example

dbalias=(description=address_list=(address=(protocol=tcps)(host=hostname)(port=portnum)))(connect_data=(sid=Finance))(security=(SSL_SERVER_DN="CN=Finance,CN=OracleContext,C=US,O=Acme"))

Wallet Location

For any application that must access a wallet for loading the security credentials into the process space, you must specify the wallet location parameters defined by Table B-18 in each of the following configuration files:

Table B-18 Wallet Location Parameters
Static Configuration Dynamic Configuration

WALLET_LOCATION =

(SOURCE=

(METHOD=File)

(METHOD_DATA=

(DIRECTORY=your wallet location)

)

)

MY_WALLET_DIRECTORY

= your_wallet_dir

The default wallet location is the $ORACLE_HOME directory.


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