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Pro*COBOL Precompiler Programmer's Guide
Release 9.2

Part Number A96109-01
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A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X 


A

abbreviations permitted, 2-11
abnormal termination
automatic rollback, F-17
active set, 5-12
changing, 5-14, 5-15
definition, 5-12
when empty, 5-15
ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-11
ALLOCATE statement, F-10
use with ROWID, 4-35
allocating
cursors, F-10
thread context, 12-9, F-20
allocating cursor variables, 6-31
ALTER AUTHORIZATION
changing password, 3-10
ANSI dynamic SQL, A-3
See also dynamic SQL (ANSI), 10-1
ANSI Entry SQL compliance, xxxiii
ANSI format
COBOL statements, 2-12
ANSI/ISO SQL
compliance, xxxi
extensions, 14-20
application development process, 2-2
ARRAYLEN statement, 6-16
ASACC precompiler option, 14-12
ASSUME_SQLCODE precompiler option, 14-13
AT clause
CONNECT statement, 3-6
DECLARE CURSOR statement, 3-7
DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 3-8
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, 3-8
of COMMIT statement, F-16
of CONNECT statement, F-18
of DECLARE CURSOR directive, F-25
of DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-28
of EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, F-45
of EXECUTE statement, F-40
of INSERT statements, F-57
of SAVEPOINT statement, F-81
of SELECT statement, F-84
of UPDATE statement, F-90
restrictions, 3-7
AUTO_CONNECT option
instead of CONNECT statement, 3-9
AUTO_CONNECT precompiler option, 14-14
automatic logons, 3-5, 3-9
Avoiding Unnecessary Reparsing, D-13

B

batch fetch, 7-7
example, 7-7
number of rows returned, 7-8
BFILES
definition, 13-2
bind descriptor, 11-4
bind descriptors
information in, 9-25
bind SQLDA, 11-3
bind variables, 9-25
binding host variables, 9-3
BNDDFCLP variable (SQLDA), 11-14
BNDDFCRCP variable (SQLDA), 11-14
BNDDFMT variable (SQLDA), 11-9
BNDDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13
BNDDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13
BNDDH-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 11-12
BNDDI variable (SQLDA), 11-11
BNDDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-14
BNDDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13
BNDDI-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 11-13
BNDDV variable (SQLDA), 11-8
BNDDVLN variable (SQLDA), 11-9
BNDDVTYP variable (SQLDA), 11-11

C

CALL SQL statement, 6-22
CALL statement, A-2, F-13
example, 6-23
case-insensitivity, 2-11
CHAR datatypes
external, 4-5
character host variables
as output variables, 4-33
handling, 4-31
server handling, 4-33
types, 4-31
character sets
multibyte, 4-39
character strings
multibyte, 4-40
CHARF datatype specifier, 4-50
using in VAR statement, 4-50
CHARF datatypes
external, 4-5
CHARZ datatype
external, 4-6
CLOSE command
examples, F-15
CLOSE statement, F-14
example, 5-16
in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-38
CLOSE_ON_COMMIT
precompiler option, 3-15, 5-13
CLOSE_ON_COMMIT precompiler option, 14-14
closing
cursors, F-14
COBOL datatypes, 4-15
COBOL datatypes, additional, A-4
COBOL versions supported, 2-12, B-2
COBOL-74, B-2
COBOL-85, B-2
code page, 4-39
coding area
for paragraph names, 2-18
coding conventions, 2-11
column list, 5-9
COMMENT clause
of COMMIT statement, F-17
comments
ANSI SQL-style, 2-13
C-style, 2-13
embedded SQL statements, 2-13
in embedded SQL, 2-13
comments in dynamic PL/SQL blocks, 9-30
commit, 3-13
automatic, 3-13
explicit versus implicit, 3-13
COMMIT statement, 3-14, F-15
effects, 3-14
ending a transaction, F-79
example, 3-14
examples, F-17
RELEASE option, 3-14
using in a PL/SQL block, 3-25
where to place, 3-14
committing
transactions, F-15
compilation, 2-28
compliance, ANSI/ISO, xxxi
composite types, 11-18
concurrency, 3-12
concurrent logons, 3-3
conditional precompilation, 2-25
defining symbols, 2-26
example, 2-25
CONFIG precompiler option, 14-14, 14-15
configuration file
system versus user, 14-16
configuration file name, A-7
CONNECT statement, F-18
AT clause, 3-6
enabling a semantic check, E-3
examples, F-19
logging on to Oracle, 3-2
placement, 3-2
requirements, 3-2
USING clause, 3-6
when not required, 3-9
connecting to Oracle, 3-2
automatically, 3-9
concurrently, 3-3
example of, 3-2
via Oracle Net, 3-3
connections
default versus non-default, 3-5
implicit, 3-11
naming, 3-5
CONTEXT ALLOCATE statement, 12-9, F-20
CONTEXT FREE statement, 12-9, F-21
CONTEXT USE directive, 12-9
CONTEXT USE SQL directive, F-22
CONTEXT USE SQL statement, 12-9
continuation lines
syntax, 2-13
CONTINUE action
of WHENEVER directive, 8-16, F-95
CONVBUFSZ clause, A-8
CONVBUFSZ clause in VAR statement, 4-48
CREATE PROCEDURE statement, 6-21
creating
savepoints, F-81
CURRENT OF clause, 5-16, 7-6
example, 5-16
mimicking with ROWID, 3-22, 7-19
restrictions, 5-17
current row, 5-12
CURRVAL pseudocolumn, 4-11
cursor cache, 8-25
gathering statistics about, 8-28
purpose, 8-23, D-9
cursor variables, 6-30, F-10
advantages, 6-30
allocating, 6-31
closing, 6-34
declaring, 6-31
fetching from, 6-33
heap memory usage, 6-31
opening
anonymous block, 6-33
stored procedure, 6-32
restrictions, 6-35
scope, 6-31
cursors, 5-12
allocating, F-10
association with query, 5-12
closing, F-14
declaring, 5-12
effects on performance, D-7
explicit versus implicit, 5-12
fetching rows from, F-46, F-49
naming, 5-13
opening, F-71, F-73
reopening, 5-14, 5-15
restricted scope of, 2-27
restrictions, 5-13
scope, 5-14
using for multirow queries, 5-12
using more than one, 5-14
when closed automatically, 5-16

D

data definition language (DDL)
description, 5-2
embedded, 14-32
data integrity, 3-12
data lock, 3-12
data manipulation language (DML), 5-7
database links
using in DELETE statement, F-33
using in INSERT statement, F-57
using in UPDATE statement, F-90
datatype
internal versus external, 2-8
datatype conversion
between internal and external types, 4-44
datatype equivalencing
advantages, 4-45
example, 4-49
guidelines, 4-51
datatypes
ANSI DATE, 4-13
COBOL, 4-15
coercing NUMBER to VARCHAR2, 11-19
conversions, 4-42
dealing with Oracle internal, 11-19
descriptor codes, 11-19
equivalencing
description, 4-45
example, 4-48
internal, 11-16
INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND, 4-14
INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH, 4-14
need to coerce, 11-19
PL/SQL equivalents, 11-18
TIMESTAMP, 4-13
TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE, 4-14
TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, 4-13
when to reset, 11-19
DATE datatype
converting, 4-44
default format, 4-44
DATE datatypes
external, 4-6
internal format, 4-6
DATE String Format
explicit control over, 4-44
DATE, ANSI
datatype, 4-13
DATE_FORMAT precompiler option, 14-16
DB2 compatibility features, A-4
DBMS precompiler option, 14-17
DDL, 14-32
DDL (Data Definition Language), 5-2
deadlock, 3-12
effect on transactions, 3-17
how broken, 3-17
DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-23
DECIMAL datatype, 4-6
Decimal-Point is Comma, A-4
declaration
cursor, 5-12
host variable, 2-8
declarative SQL statement, 2-4
using in transactions, 3-13
declarative statements
also known as directives, 2-4
DECLARE CURSOR directive, F-24
example, 5-12
examples, F-26
DECLARE CURSOR statement
AT clause, 3-7
in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-29
where to place, 5-13
DECLARE DATABASE directive, F-26
Declare Section
allowable statements, 2-20
example, 2-20
purpose, 2-20
requirements, 2-20
rules for defining, 2-20
using more than one, 2-21
declare section
COBOL datatypes supported, 4-15
defining usernames and passwords, 3-2
DECLARE SECTION is optional, A-4
DECLARE statement
using in dynamic SQL method 3, 9-19
DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-28
examples, F-29
scope of, F-29
DECLARE STATEMENT statement
AT clause, 3-8
example, 9-27
using in dynamic SQL, 9-27
when required, 9-27
DECLARE TABLE directive, F-30
examples, F-31
DECLARE TABLE directives
using with the SQLCHECK option, E-4
DECLARE_SECTION precompiler option, 14-17
declaring
cursor variables, 6-31
host tables, 7-2
host variables, 4-15
indicator variables, 4-26
ORACA, 8-24
SQLCA, 8-8
SQLDA, 11-7
VARCHAR variables, 4-28
default
error handling, 8-15
setting of LITDELIM option, 2-14, 14-26
setting of ORACA option, 8-24
default connection, 3-5
DEFINE precompiler option, 14-18
DELETE statement, F-31
embedded SQL examples, F-34
example, 5-11
restrictions with tables, 7-15
using host tables, 7-14
WHERE clause, 5-11
DEPENDING ON clause, 7-3
DEPT table, 2-28
DESCRIBE BIND VARIABLES statement
in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-29
DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-37
DESCRIBE SELECT LIST statement
in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-34
DESCRIBE statement, F-35
example, F-36
use with PREPARE statement, F-35
using in dynamic SQL method 4, 9-24
descriptor
naming, F-35
descriptors
bind descriptor, 11-4
purpose, 11-4
select descriptor, 11-4
SQLADR subroutine, 11-3
dimension of host tables, 7-3
directives
also known as declarative statements, 2-4
directory path
INCLUDE files, 2-22
DISPLAY datatype, 4-6
distributed processing, 3-4
DML (Data Manipulation Language), 5-7
DML returning clause, 5-9, A-3
DNSTIAR subprogram, A-6
DO CALL, A-3
DO CALL action
of WHENEVER directive, 8-17, 8-19, F-95
DO PERFORM action
of WHENEVER directive, 8-17, F-95
DSNTIAR
DB2 compatible feature, 8-15
DSNTIAR routine, 8-15
DYNAMIC option
effect on functionality, 10-12
dynamic PL/SQL, 9-29
dynamic SQL
advantages and disadvantages, 9-2
choosing the right method, 9-6
guidelines, 9-6
overview, 2-6, 9-2
restrictions, 14-32
using PL/SQL, 6-24
using the AT clause, 3-8
when useful, 9-3
dynamic SQL (ANSI)
ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-13
basics, 10-2
bulk operations, 10-9
CLOSE CURSOR statement, 10-28
compared to Oracle dynamic SQL method 4, 10-1
DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-14
DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-21
differences from Oracle dynamic SQL, 10-28
EXECUTE statement, 10-23
FETCH statement, 10-27
GET DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-15
OPEN statement, 10-25
Oracle extensions, 10-7
overview, 10-3
precompiler options, 10-2, 10-12
reference semantics, 10-8
restrictions, 10-29
sample programs, 10-29
SAMPLE12.PCO, 10-29
SET DESCRIPTOR statement, 10-18
use of DECLARE CURSOR, 10-25
use of EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, 10-24
use of PREPARE statement, 10-21
when to use, 10-1
dynamic SQL method 1
commands, 9-4
description, 9-8
example, 9-9
requirements, 9-4
using EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, 9-8
using PL/SQL, 9-29
dynamic SQL method 2
commands, 9-5
description, 9-12
requirements, 9-5
using PL/SQL, 9-29
using the DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 9-27
using the EXECUTE statement, 9-12
using the PREPARE statement, 9-12
dynamic SQL method 3
commands, 9-5
compared to method 2, 9-18
requirements, 9-5
using PL/SQL, 9-29
using the DECLARE statement, 9-19
using the DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 9-27
using the FETCH statement, 9-20
using the OPEN statement, 9-19
using the PREPARE statement, 9-18
dynamic SQL method 4
CLOSE statement, 11-38
DECLARE CURSOR statement, 11-29
DESCRIBE statement, 11-29, 11-34
external datatypes, 11-16
FETCH statement, 11-37
internal datatypes, 11-15
OPEN statement, 11-34
PREPARE statement, 11-29
prerequisites, 11-14
purpose of descriptors, 11-4
requirements, 9-5, 11-2
sequence of statements used, 11-24
SQLDA, 11-4
steps for, 11-23
using descriptors, 9-24
using PL/SQL, 9-30
using the DECLARE STATEMENT statement, 9-27
using the DESCRIBE statement, 9-24
using the FOR clause, 9-28
using the SQLDA, 9-24
when needed, 9-24
dynamic SQL statement, 9-2
binding of host variables, 9-3
how processed, 9-3
requirements, 9-3
using host tables, 9-28
versus static SQL statement, 9-2

E

embedded DDL, 14-32
embedded PL/SQL
advantages, 6-3
cursor FOR loop, 6-4
example, 6-8, 6-9
host variables, 6-2
indicator variables, 6-2
multibyte Globalization Support features, 4-40
need for SQLCHECK option, 6-8
need for USERID option, 6-8
overview, 2-7
package, 6-5
PL/SQL table, 6-6
requirements, 6-2
subprogram, 6-4
support for SQL, 2-7
user-defined record, 6-6
using %TYPE, 6-3
using the VARCHAR pseudotype, 6-11
using to improve performance, D-4
VARCHAR variables, 6-2
where allowed, 6-2, 6-7
embedded SQL
ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-11
ALLOCATE statement, 4-35, 6-31, F-10
CALL statement, 6-22, F-13
CLOSE statement, 5-16, 6-34, F-14
COMMIT statement, F-15
CONNECT statement, F-18
CONTEXT ALLOCATE statement, 12-9, F-20
CONTEXT FREE statement, 12-9, F-21
CONTEXT USE directive, F-22
DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-23
DECLARE [CURSOR] directive, 5-12
DECLARE CURSOR directive, F-24
DECLARE DATABASE directive, F-26
DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-28
DECLARE TABLE directive, F-30
DELETE statement, 5-11, F-31
DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR statement, F-37
DESCRIBE statement, F-35
ENABLE THREADS statement, 12-9
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, F-45
EXECUTE statement, F-41
EXECUTE...END-EXEC statement, F-39
FETCH DESCRIPTOR statement, F-49
FETCH statement, 5-14, 6-33, F-46, F-49
FREE statement, 6-35, F-52
GET DESCRIPTOR statement, F-53
INSERT statement, 5-9, 7-12, F-55
key concepts, 2-2
OPEN DESCRIPTOR statement, F-73
OPEN statement, 5-14, F-71, F-72, F-73
PREPARE statement, F-76
ROLLBACK statement, F-77
SAVEPOINT statement, 3-17, F-81
SELECT statement, 5-8, 7-6, F-82
SET DESCRIPTOR statement, F-86
SET TRANSACTION statement, 3-20
UPDATE statement, 5-10, F-88
VAR directive, F-92
versus interactive SQL, 2-6
when to use, 1-3
WHENEVER directive, F-94
embedded SQL statements
associating paragraph names with, 2-17
comments, 2-13
continuation, 2-13
figurative constants, 2-15
mixing with host-language statements, 2-6
referencing host tables, 7-4
referencing host variables, 4-22
referencing indicator variables, 4-26
requirements, 2-15
summary, F-4
syntax, 2-6, 2-15
terminator, 2-19
embedding
PL/SQL blocks in Oracle7 precompiler programs, F-39
EMP table, 2-28
ENABLE THREADS SQL statement, F-38
ENABLE THREADS statement, 12-9
enabling
threads, 12-9
encoding scheme, 4-39
END, 14-19
END_OF_FETCH precompiler option, 14-19
END-OF_FETCH clause, A-5
entry SQL, xxxi
equivalencing
host variable equivalencing, F-92
equivalencing datatypes, 4-45
error detection
error reporting, F-95
error handling
alternatives, 8-2
benefits, 8-2
default, 8-15
overview, 2-9
using status variables
SQLCA, 8-2, 8-7
using the ROLLBACK statement, 3-16
using the SQLGLS routine, 8-22
error message text
SQLGLM subroutine, 8-13
error messages
maximum length, 8-14
error reporting
error message text, 8-9
key components of, 8-8
parse error offset, 8-9
rows-processed count, 8-9
status codes, 8-9
warning flags, 8-9
WHENEVER directive, F-95
ERRORS precompiler option, 14-20
exception, PL/SQL, 6-13
EXEC ORACLE DEFINE statement, 2-25
EXEC ORACLE ELSE statement, 2-25
EXEC ORACLE ENDIF statement, 2-25
EXEC ORACLE IFDEF statement, 2-25
EXEC ORACLE IFNDEF statement, 2-25
EXEC ORACLE statement
scope of, 14-7
syntax for, 14-7
uses for, 14-7
using to enter options inline, 14-7
EXEC SQL clause, 2-6, 2-15
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE statement, F-45
AT clause, 3-8
examples, F-46
using in dynamic SQL Method 1, 9-8
EXECUTE optional keyword of ARRAYLEN statement, 6-17
EXECUTE statement, F-41
examples, F-40, F-42
using in dynamic SQL Method 2, 9-12
EXECUTE...END-EXEC statement, F-39
execution plan, D-4
EXPLAIN PLAN statement
using to improve performance, D-5
explicit logon
single, 3-5
explicit logons, 3-5
external datatypes
CHAR, 4-5
CHARF, 4-5
CHARZ, 4-6
DATE, 4-6
DECIMAL, 4-6
definition, 2-8
DISPLAY, 4-6
dynamic SQL method 4, 11-16
FLOAT, 4-7
INTEGER, 4-7
LONG, 4-7
LONG RAW, 4-7
LONG VARCHAR, 4-7
LONG VARRAW, 4-8
parameters, 4-47
RAW, 4-8
STRING, 4-9
table of, 4-4
UNSIGNED, 4-9
VARCHAR, 4-9
VARCHAR2, 4-9
VARNUM, 4-10
VARRAW, 4-10

F

features
new, xxxvii
FETCH SQL statement, F-49
FETCH statement, 5-14, 5-15, F-46
cursor variable, 6-34
example, 5-14
examples, F-49
in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-37
INTO clause, 5-14
used after OPEN statement, F-72, F-75
using in dynamic SQL method 3, 9-20
fetch, batch, 7-7
fetching
rows from cursors, F-46, F-49
figurative constants
embedded SQL statements, 2-15
file extension
for INCLUDE files, 2-21
file length limit, 2-16
FILLER support, A-8
FIPS flagger
warns of array usage, 7-6
FIPS flagger and its uses, xxxii
FIPS precompiler option, xxxii, 14-20
flags, 8-9
FLOAT datatype, 4-7
FOR clause, 7-16
example, 7-16
of embedded SQL EXECUTE statement, F-42, F-44
of embedded SQL INSERT statement, F-57
restrictions, 7-17
using with host tables, 7-16
FOR UPDATE OF clause, 3-21
FORCE clause
of COMMIT statement, F-17
of ROLLBACK statement, F-78
format mask, 4-44
FORMAT precompiler option, 14-21
purpose, 2-12
formats of COBOL statements
ANSI, 2-12
TERMINAL, 2-12
forward reference, 5-13
FREE statement, F-52
freeing
thread context, 12-9, F-21
full scan, D-6

G

GET DESCRIPTOR statement, F-53
Globalization Support, 4-37, 14-31, A-2
multibyte character strings, 4-39
Globalization Support parameter
NLS_CURRENCY, 4-38
NLS_DATE_FORMAT, 4-38
NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE, 4-38
NLS_ISO_CURRENCY, 4-38
NLS_LANG, 4-38
NLS_LANGUAGE, 4-38
NLS_NUMERIC_CHARACTERS, 4-38
NLS_SORT, 4-38
NLS_TERRITORY, 4-38
GOTO action
of WHENEVER directive, 8-17, F-95
group items
allowed as host variables, 4-23
implicit VARCHAR, 4-29
Group Items as host variables, A-5
guidelines
datatype equivalencing, 4-51
dynamic SQL, 9-6
separate precompilation, 2-26
transaction, 3-24

H

HEADERS, optional, A-4
heap, 8-25
heap memory
allocating cursor variables, 6-31
heap tables, 4-34
hint, optimizer, D-5
hints
in DELETE statements, F-34
in SELECT statements, F-85
in UPDATE statements, F-92
HOLD_CURSOR option
of ORACLE Precompilers, F-15
using to improve performance, D-11
what it affects, D-7
HOLD_CURSOR precompiler option, 14-22
host language, 2-3
HOST precompiler option, 14-23
host programs, 2-3
host table elements
maximum, 7-3
host table example, 7-10
host tables, 7-2
advantages, 7-2
declaring, 7-2
dimensioning, 7-3
multi-dimensional, 7-3
operations on, 2-8
referencing, 7-4
restrictions, 7-3, 7-9, 7-13, 7-15
restrictions on, 7-6
support for, 4-21
using in dynamic SQL statements, 9-28
using in the DELETE statement, 7-14
using in the INSERT statement, 7-12
using in the SELECT statement, 7-6
using in the UPDATE statement, 7-13
using in the WHERE clause, 7-18
using the FOR clause, 7-16
using to improve performance, D-3
variable-length, 7-3
host variables, 5-2
assigning a value, 2-7
declaring, 2-11, 2-20, 4-15
declaring and naming, B-2
definition, 2-16
host variable equivalencing, F-92
in EXECUTE statement, F-42
in OPEN statement, F-72
initializing, 4-21
length up to 30 characters, 2-8
naming, 2-8, 4-23, 4-25
overview, 2-7
referencing, 2-8, 4-22
requirements, 2-7
restrictions, 2-17, 4-25
using in PL/SQL, 6-8
where allowed, 2-7
with PL/SQL, 6-2
hyphenation
of host variable names, 2-17

I

identifiers, ORACLE
how to form, F-10
implicit logons, 3-11
implicit VARCHAR, 4-29
IN OUT parameter mode, 6-5
IN parameter mode, 6-5
INAME option
when a file extension is required, 14-2
INAME precompiler option, 14-23
INCLUDE precompiler option, 14-24
INCLUDE statement
case-sensitive operating systems, 2-22
declaring the ORACA, 8-24
declaring the SQLCA, 8-8
declaring the SQLDA, 11-7
effect of, 2-21
INCLUDE statements, B-3
index
using to improve performance, D-6
index-organized table, 4-34
indicator table, 7-2
indicator tables
example, 7-5
purpose, 7-5
indicator variable
using to handle NULLs, 5-4, 5-5
indicator variables, 5-3
assigning values to, 4-25
association with host variables, 4-25
declaring, 2-11, 4-26
function, 4-25
function of, 4-25
interpreting value, 5-4
NULLs, 6-2
referencing, 4-26
required size, 4-26
truncated values, 6-2
used with multibyte character strings, 4-41
using in PL/SQL, 6-12
using to detect NULLs, 4-26
using to detect truncated values, 4-26, 5-4
using to handle NULLs, 5-4
using to test for NULLs, 5-6
with PL/SQL, 6-2
in-doubt transaction, 3-23
input host variable
restrictions, 5-2
where allowed, 5-2
INSERT statement, F-55
column list, 5-9
example, 5-9
INTO clause, 5-9
using host tables, 7-12
VALUES clause, 5-9
inserting
rows into tables and views, F-55
INTEGER datatype, 4-7
internal datatype
definition, 2-8
internal datatypes
dynamic SQL method 4, 11-15
INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND, xxxviii, A-2
INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND datatype, 4-14
INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH, xxxviii, A-2
INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH datatype, 4-14
INTO clause, 5-2, 6-33
FETCH statement, 5-14
INSERT statement, 5-9
of FETCH statement, F-47, F-50
of SELECT statement, F-84
SELECT statement, 5-8
IRECLEN precompiler option, 14-25
IS NULL operator
for testing NULL values, 2-17

J

Java methods
calling from Pro*COBOL, 6-21
Java stored procedures, A-2

L

language support, 1-2
LEVEL pseudocolumns, 4-12
line continuation, 2-13
linking, 2-28
LITDELIM option
purpose, 14-26
LITDELIM precompiler option, 2-14, 14-25
LNAME precompiler option, 14-26
LOB and precompiler datatypes, 13-21
LOB APPEND statement, F-59
LOB ASSIGN statement, F-59
LOB CLOSE statement, F-60
LOB COPY statement, F-61
LOB CREATE statement, F-61
LOB DESCRIBE statement, F-62
LOB DISABLE BUFFERING statement, F-63
LOB ENABLE BUFFERING statement, F-64
LOB ERASE statement, F-64
LOB FILE CLOSE statement, F-65
LOB FILE SET statement, F-66
LOB FLUSH BUFFER statement, F-66
LOB FREE TEMPORARY, F-67
LOB LOAD statement, F-67
LOB OPEN statement, F-68
LOB READ statement, F-69
LOB statements, A-2
LOB APPEND, 13-10
LOB ASSIGN, 13-11
LOB CLOSE, 13-12
LOB CLOSE ALL, 13-16
LOB COPY, 13-13
LOB CREATE TEMPORARY, 13-14
LOB DISABLE BUFFERING, 13-14
LOB ENABLE BUFFERING, 13-15
LOB ERASE, 13-15
LOB FILE SET, 13-17
LOB FLUSH BUFFER, 13-17
LOB FREE TEMPORARY, 13-18
LOB LOAD FROM FILE, 13-18
LOB OPEN, 13-20
LOB READ, 13-20
LOB TRIM, 13-22
LOB WRITE, 13-23
LOB TRIM statement, F-69
LOB WRITE statement, F-70
LOBs
advantage of buffering, 13-4
attributes and COBOL types, 13-24
CHUNKSIZE attribute, 13-26
compared with LONG and LONG RAW, 13-3
definition, 13-2
DIRECTORY attribute, 13-26
external, 13-2, 13-7
FILEEXISTS attribute, 13-26
FILENAME attribute, 13-26
internal, 13-2, 13-7
ISOPEN attribute, 13-26
ISTEMPORARY attribute, 13-26
LENGTH attribute, 13-26
LOB demo program, 13-29
LOB DESCRIBE use, 13-24
locators, 13-3
rules for all statements, 13-9
rules for buffering subsystem, 13-9
rules for statements, 13-10
temporary, 13-4, 13-8
using polling method to read and write, 13-27
lock
released by ROLLBACK statement, F-79
LOCK TABLE statement, 3-22
example, 3-22
using the NOWAIT parameter, 3-23
locking, 3-12, 3-21
explicit versus implicit, 3-21
modes, 3-12
overriding default, 3-21
privileges needed, 3-24
using the FOR UPDATE OF clause, 3-21
using the LOCK TABLE statement, 3-22
logons
automatic, 3-9
concurrent, 3-4
explicit, 3-5
requirements, 3-2
LONG datatype
external, 4-7
LONG RAW datatype
converting, 4-52
LONG RAW datatypes
external, 4-7
LONG VARCHAR datatype, 4-7
LONG VARRAW datatype, 4-8
LRECLEN precompiler option, 14-27
LTYPE precompiler option, 14-27

M

MAXLITERAL, B-3
MAXLITERAL precompiler option, 14-28
MAXOPENCURSORS option, D-7
using for separate precompilation, 2-27
MAXOPENCURSORS precompiler option, 14-29
message text, 8-9
migration
error message codes, A-9
migration from earlier releases, A-9
MODE
equivalent values, 14-30
MODE option
effects of, 4-31
MODE precompiler option, 14-30
mode, parameter, 6-5
multibyte character sets, 4-39
multi-byte Globalization Support features
datatypes, 2-17
multibyte Globalization Support features
with PL/SQL, 4-40
multithreaded applications
sample program, 12-15
user-interface features
embedded SQL statements and directives, 12-8

N

namespaces
reserved by Oracle, C-5
naming
host variables, 2-16
of database objects, F-10
select-list items, 11-4
naming conventions
cursor, 5-13
default database, 3-5
host variable, 2-8
NESTED precompiler option, 14-31, A-4
nested programs, A-8
support for, 2-23
New Datetime Datatypes, A-2
NEXTVAL pseudocolumns, 4-12
nibbles, 4-52
NIST
compliance, xxxi
NIST, address of, xxxiii
NLS_LOCAL
precompiler option, 14-31
NOT FOUND condition
of WHENEVER directive, 8-16, F-95
NOWAIT parameter, 3-23
using in LOCK TABLE statement, 3-23
NULLs
definition, 2-7
detecting, 4-26, 5-4
handling
in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-21
indicator variables, 6-2
hardcoding, 5-4
inserting, 5-4
meaning in SQL (NVL function), 2-17
restrictions, 5-6
retrieving, 5-5
SQLNUL subroutine, 11-22
testing for, 5-6
NULLs in SQL
how to detect, 2-17
NUMBER datatype
using the SQLPRC subroutine with, 11-20
NVL function
for retrieving NULL values, 2-17

O

OCIInterval host variable, xxxviii, A-2
ONAME precompiler option, 14-32
OPEN DESCRIPTOR statement, F-73
OPEN SQL statement, F-73
OPEN statement, F-71
example, 5-14
examples, F-72
in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-34
using in dynamic SQL method 3, 9-19
opening
cursors, F-71, F-73
opening a cursor variable, 6-31
operators
relational, 2-19
optimizer hint, D-5
optional division headers, 2-15
options
precompiler concepts, 14-3
ORACA, 8-3
declaring, 8-24
enabling, 8-24
example, 8-28
fields, 8-25
gathering cursor cache statistics, 8-28
ORACABC field, 8-25
ORACAID field, 8-25
ORACCHF flag, 8-25
ORACOC field, 8-28
ORADBGF flag, 8-26
ORAHCHF flag, 8-26
ORAHOC field, 8-28
ORAMOC field, 8-28
ORANEX field, 8-28
ORANOR field, 8-28
ORANPR field, 8-28
ORASFNMC field, 8-27
ORASFNML field, 8-27
ORASLNR field, 8-27
ORASTXTC field, 8-27
ORASTXTF flag, 8-26
ORASTXTL field, 8-27
precompiler option, 8-24
purpose, 8-3, 8-23
structure of, 8-25
ORACA precompiler option, 14-33
ORACABC field, 8-25
ORACAID field, 8-25
ORACCHF flag, 8-25
Oracle Communications Area
ORACA, 8-23
Oracle dynamic SQL
when to use, 10-1
Oracle names
how to form, F-10
Oracle namespaces, C-5
Oracle Net
concurrent logons, 3-3
using ROWID datatype, 4-9
using to connect to Oracle, 3-4
Oracle Open Gateway
using ROWID datatype, 4-9
ORACOC
in ORACA, 8-28
ORACOC field, 8-28
ORADBGF flag, 8-26
ORAHCHF flag, 8-26
ORAHOC field, 8-28
ORAMOC field, 8-28
ORANEX
in ORACA, 8-28
ORANEX field, 8-28
ORANOR field, 8-28
ORANPR field, 8-28
ORASFNM, in ORACA, 8-27
ORASFNMC field, 8-27
ORASFNML field, 8-27
ORASLNR
in ORACA, 8-27
ORASLNR field, 8-27
ORASTXTC field, 8-27
ORASTXTF flag, 8-26
ORASTXTL field, 8-27
ORECLEN precompiler option, 14-33
OUT parameter mode, 6-5
output host variable, 5-2
output versus input, 5-2

P

PAGELEN precompiler option, 14-34
paragraph names
associating with SQL statements, 2-17
coding area for, 2-18
parameter mode, 6-5
parse error offset, 8-9
parsing dynamic statements
PREPARE statement, F-76
password, changing, A-9
passwords
changing at runtime with ALTER AUTHORIZATION, 3-10
defining, 3-2
hardcoding, 3-2
performance
causes of poor, D-2
improving, D-3
PIC G for Globalization Support characters, B-3
PIC N for Globalization Support characters, B-3
PICX precompiler option, 4-31, 14-34
placeholders
duplicate, 9-29
plan, execution, D-4
PL/SQL
advantages, 1-4
cursor FOR loop, 6-4
datatype equivalents, 11-18
embedded, 6-2
exception, 6-13
integration with server, 6-3
opening a cursor variable
anonymous block, 6-33
stored procedure, 6-32
package, 6-5
relationship with SQL, 1-4
subprogram, 6-4
user-defined record, 6-6
PL/SQL block execution
effect on SQLCA components, 8-13
PL/SQL blocks
embedded in Oracle7 precompiler programs, F-39
PL/SQL subprogram
calling from Pro*COBOL, 6-21
PL/SQL table, 6-6
precompilation
conditional, 2-25
generated code, 14-3
separate, 2-26
precompilation unit, 14-9
precompiler command
required arguments, 14-2
precompiler options
abbreviating name, 14-4
ANSI Dynamic SQL, 10-12
ASACC, 14-12
ASSUME_SQLCODE, 14-13
AUTO_CONNECT, 3-9, 14-14
CLOSE_ON_COMMIT, 5-13, 14-14, A-6
CONFIG, 14-15
current values, 14-6
DATE_FORMAT, 14-16, A-6
DBMS, 14-17
DECLARE_SECTION, 2-20, 14-17
DEFINE, 14-18
displaying, 14-4
displaying syntax, default, purpose, 14-10
DYNAMIC, 10-12, 14-18
END_OF_FETCH, 14-19
entering, 14-6
entering inline, 14-7
entering on the command line, 14-2
ERRORS, 14-20
FIPS, 14-20
FORMAT, 14-21
HOLD_CURSOR, 14-22, D-7
HOST, 14-23
INAME, 14-23
INCLUDE, 14-24
IRECLEN, 14-25
list, 14-10
LITDELIM, 2-14, 14-26
LNAME, 14-26
LRECLEN, 14-27
LTYPE, 14-27
macro and micro, 14-5
MAXLITERAL, 14-28
MAXOPENCURSORS, 2-27, 14-29, D-7
MODE, 4-31, 8-3, 10-12, 14-30
name of the system configuration file, 14-9
NESTED, 14-31, A-4
NLS_LOCAL, 14-31
ONAME, 14-32
ORACA, 8-24, 14-33
ORECLEN, 14-33
PAGELEN, 14-34
PICX, 4-31, 14-34, A-8
precedence, 14-4
PREFETCH, 5-18, 14-35, A-3
RELEASE_CURSOR, 14-36, D-7
respecifying, 14-9
scope of, 14-9
SELECT_ERROR, 14-37
specifying, 14-2
SQLCHECK, 14-38
syntax for, 14-2
table of how macro options set micro options, 14-5
THREADS, 12-8, 14-40
TYPE_CODE, 10-12, 14-40
UNSAFE_NULL, 14-41
USERID, 14-41
VARCHAR, 14-42
XREF, 14-42
precompilers
advantages, 1-3
Globalization Support, 4-39
language support, 1-2
running, 14-1
using PL/SQL, 6-7
PREFETCH precompiler option, 5-18, 14-35
PREPARE statement, F-76
effect on data definition statements, 9-5
examples, F-77
in dynamic SQL method 4, 11-29
using in dynamic SQL, 9-12, 9-18
private SQL area
association with cursors, 5-11
opening, 5-11
purpose, D-9
Pro*COBOL
how it works, 1-2
program termination, 3-19
programming guidelines, 2-11
programming language support, 1-2
pseudocolumns, 4-11
CURRVAL, 4-11
LEVEL, 4-12
NEXTVAL, 4-12
ROWNUM, 4-12

Q

queries
association with cursor, 5-12
multirow, 5-7
single-row versus multirow, 5-8
query, 5-7

R

RAW datatype
converting, 4-52
external, 4-8
RAWTOHEX function, 4-52
read consistency, 3-12
READ ONLY parameter
using in SET TRANSACTION, 3-20
read-only transaction, 3-20
ending, 3-20
example, 3-20
record, user-defined, 6-6
REDEFINES clause
purpose, 2-18
restrictions, 2-18
REDEFINES support, A-8
reference
host variable, 2-8
reference cursor, 6-30
referencing
host tables, 7-4
host variables, 4-22
indicator variables, 4-26
VARCHAR variables, 4-30
relational operators
COBOL versus SQL, 2-19
RELEASE option, 3-14, 3-19
COMMIT statement, 3-14
omitting, 3-20
restrictions, 3-19
ROLLBACK statement, 3-16
RELEASE_CURSOR option, D-7
of ORACLE Precompilers, F-15
RELEASE_CURSOR precompiler option, 14-36
remote database
declaration of, F-26
restrictions
AT clause, 3-7
CURRENT OF clause, 5-17
cursor declaration, 5-13
cursor variables, 6-35
dynamic SQL, 14-32
FOR clause, 7-17
host tables, 7-3, 7-9, 7-13, 7-15
host variables, 4-25
naming, 2-16
referencing, 4-25
input host variable, 5-2
on host tables, 7-6
REDEFINES clause, 2-18
RELEASE option, 3-19
separate precompilation, 2-27
SET TRANSACTION statement, 3-20
SQLGLM subroutine, 8-14
SQLIEM subroutine, 8-14
TO SAVEPOINT clause, 3-19
use of CURRENT OF clause, 7-6
retrieving rows from a table
embedded SQL, F-82
RETURN-CODE special register is unpredictable, B-3
returning clause, 5-9
in INSERT, 5-9
roll back
to a savepoint, F-81
to the same savepoint multiple times, F-79
rollback
automatic, 3-17
purpose, 3-13
statement-level, 3-17
rollback segments, 3-12
ROLLBACK statement, 3-15, F-77
effects, 3-15
ending a transaction, F-79
example, 3-16
examples, F-80
RELEASE option, 3-16
TO SAVEPOINT clause, 3-15
using in a PL/SQL block, 3-25
using in error-handling routines, 3-16
where to place, 3-16
rolling back
transactions, F-77
row lock
acquiring with FOR UPDATE OF, 3-21
using to improve performance, D-6
when acquired, 3-22
when released, 3-22
ROWID datatype
heap tables versus index-organized tables, 4-34
Universal, 4-34
use of, 4-34
use of ALLOCATE, 4-35
ROWID pseudocolumns
retrieving with SQLROWIDGET, 4-36
universal ROWID, 4-35
using to mimic CURRENT OF, 3-22, 7-19
ROWNUM pseudocolumns, 4-12
rows
fetching from cursors, F-46, F-49
inserting into tables and views, F-55
updating, F-88
rows-processed count, 8-9
RR diagrams
see syntax diagrams, F-7

S

sample database table
DEPT table, 2-28
EMP table, 2-28
sample programs
calling a stored procedure, 6-24
cursor operations, 5-19
cursor variable use, 6-35
cursor variables
PL/SQL source, 6-35
datatype equivalencing, 4-52
dynamic SQL Method 1, 9-9
dynamic SQL method 2, 9-14
dynamic SQL Method 3, 9-20
dynamic SQL method 4, 11-44
EXEC ORACLE scope, 14-7
fetching in batches, 7-10, 7-22
in demo directory, xxx
LOB DESCRIBE example, 13-27
LOBDEMO1.PCO, 13-29
PL/SQL examples, 6-8
SAMPLE10.PCO, 11-44
SAMPLE11.PCO, 6-35
SAMPLE12.PCO, 10-29
SAMPLE13.PCO, 2-25
SAMPLE14.PCO, 7-22
SAMPLE1.PCO, 2-29
SAMPLE2.PCO, 5-19
SAMPLE3.PCO, 7-10
SAMPLE4.PCO, 4-52
SAMPLE6.PCO, 9-9
SAMPLE7.PCO, 9-14
SAMPLE8.PCO, 9-20
SAMPLE9.PCO, 6-24
simple query, 2-30
tables of group items, 7-22
WHENEVER...DO CALL example, 8-19
savepoint, 3-17
SAVEPOINT statement, 3-17, F-81
example, 3-17
examples, F-81
savepoints
creating, F-81
when erased, 3-19
scalar types, 11-18
Scale
using SQLPRC to extract, 4-47
scale
definition of, 4-47
when negative, 4-47
scope
cursor variables, 6-31
of DECLARE STATEMENT directive, F-29
of precompiler options, 14-9
of the EXEC ORACLE statement, 14-7
WHENEVER directive, 8-20
search condition, 5-11
using in the WHERE clause, 5-11
SELDFCLP variable (SQLDA), 11-14
SELDFCRCP variable (SQLDA), 11-14
SELDFMT variable (SQLDA), 11-9
SELDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13
SELDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13
SELDH-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 11-12
SELDI variable (SQLDA), 11-11
SELDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-14
SELDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable (SQLDA), 11-13
SELDI-VNAME variable (SQLDA), 11-13
SELDV variable (SQLDA), 11-8
SELDVLN variable (SQLDA), 11-9
SELDVTYP variable (SQLDA), 11-11
select descriptor, 11-4
select descriptors
information in, 9-25
select list, 5-8
select SQLDA
purpose of, 11-3
SELECT statement, F-82
available clauses, 5-9
embedded SQL examples, F-85
example, 5-8
INTO clause, 5-8
using host tables, 7-6
SELECT_ERROR option, 5-9
SELECT_ERROR precompiler option, 14-37
select-list items
naming, 11-4
semantic checking, E-2
enabling, E-3
using the SQLCHECK option, E-2
separate precompilation
guidelines, 2-26
restrictions, 2-27
session, 3-12
sessions
beginning, F-18
SET clause, 5-11
using a subquery, 5-11
SET DESCRIPTOR statement, F-86
SET TRANSACTION statement
example, 3-20
READ ONLY parameter, 3-20
restrictions, 3-20
snapshot, 3-12
SQL
summary of statements, F-4
SQL codes
returned by SQLGLS routine, 8-23
SQL Communications Area, 2-10
SQL Descriptor Area, 9-24, 11-4
SQL directives
CONTEXT USE, 12-9
DECLARE CURSOR, F-24
DECLARE DATABASE, F-26
DECLARE STATEMENT, F-28
DECLARE TABLE, F-30
VAR, F-92
WHENEVER, F-94
SQL directives CONTEXT USE, F-22
SQL statements
ALLOCATE, F-10
ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR, F-11
CALL, F-13
CLOSE, F-14
COMMIT, F-15
CONNECT, F-18
CONTEXT ALLOCATE, F-20
CONTEXT FREE, F-21
controlling transactions, 3-13
DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR, F-23
DELETE, F-31
DESCRIBE, F-35
DESCRIBE DESCRIPTOR, F-37
ENABLE THREADS, F-38
EXECUTE, F-41
EXECUTE DESCRIPTOR, F-43
EXECUTE IMMEDIATE, F-45
EXECUTE...END-EXEC, F-39
FETCH, F-46, F-49
FETCH DESCRIPTOR, F-49
FREE, F-52
GET DESCRIPTOR, F-53
INSERT, F-55
LOB APPEND, F-59
LOB ASSIGN, F-59
LOB CLOSE, F-60
LOB COPY, F-61
LOB CREATE, F-61
LOB DESCRIBE, F-62
LOB DISABLE BUFFERING, F-63
LOB ENABLE BUFFERING, F-64
LOB ERASE, F-64
LOB FILE CLOSE, F-65
LOB FILE SET, F-66
LOB FLUSH BUFFER, F-66
LOB FREE TEMPORARY, F-67
LOB LOAD, F-67
LOB OPEN, F-68
LOB READ, F-69
LOB TRIM, F-69
LOB WRITE, F-70
OPEN, F-71, F-72, F-73
OPEN DESCRIPTOR, F-73
optimizing to improve performance, D-4
PREPARE, F-76
ROLLBACK, F-77
SAVEPOINT, F-81
SELECT, F-82
SET DESCRIPTOR, F-86
static versus dynamic, 2-6
summary of, F-4
UPDATE, F-88
using to control a cursor, 5-8, 5-12
using to manipulate data, 5-7
SQL*Plus, 1-4
SQL_CURSOR, F-10
SQL92
conformance, xxxi
minimum requirement, xxxi
SQL92 standards conformance, xxxi
SQLADR subroutine
example, 11-26
parameters, 11-14
storing buffer addresses, 11-3
syntax, 11-14
SQLCA, 8-2
components set for a PL/SQL block, 8-13
fields, 8-10
interaction with Oracle, 2-10
overview, 2-9
SQLCABC field, 8-10
SQLCAID field, 8-10
SQLCODE field, 8-10
SQLERRD(3) field, 8-11
SQLERRD(5) field, 8-12
SQLERRMC field, 8-11
SQLERRML field, 8-11
SQLWARN(4) flag, 8-12
using with Oracle Net, 8-7
SQLCA status variable
data structure, 8-7
declaring, 8-8
effect of MODE option, 8-3
explicit versus implicit checking, 8-2
purpose, 8-7
SQLCABC field, 8-10
SQLCAID field, 8-10
SQLCHECK option
using the DECLARE TABLE statement, E-4
using to check syntax/semantics, E-1
SQLCHECK precompiler option, 14-38
SQLCODE field, 8-10
interpreting its value, 8-10
SQLCODE status variable
effect of MODE option, 8-3
usage, 8-3
SQL-CONTEXT, 12-8
host tables not allowed, 12-8
variable declaration, 4-17
SQLDA, 9-24, 9-25
bind versus select, 9-25
BNDDFCLP variable, 11-14
BNDDFCRCP variable, 11-14
BNDDFMT variable, 11-9
BNDDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 11-13
BNDDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 11-13
BNDDH-VNAME variable, 11-12
BNDDI variable, 11-11
BNDDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 11-14
BNDDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 11-13
BNDDI-VNAME variable, 11-13
BNDDV variable, 11-8
BNDDVLN variable, 11-9
BNDDVTYP variable, 11-11
declaring, 11-7
example, 11-7
information stored in, 9-25
purpose, 11-4
SELDFCLP variable, 11-14
SELDFCRCP variable, 11-14
SELDFMT variable, 11-9
SELDH-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 11-13
SELDH-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 11-13
SELDH-VNAME variable, 11-12
SELDI variable, 11-11
SELDI-CUR-VNAMEL variable, 11-14
SELDI-MAX-VNAMEL variable, 11-13
SELDI-VNAME variable, 11-13
SELDV variable, 11-8
SELDVLN variable, 11-9
SELDVTYP variable, 11-11
SQLADR subroutine, 11-14
SQLDFND variable, 11-8
SQLDNUM variable, 11-8
structure, 11-8
SQLDFND variable (SQLDA), 11-8
SQLDNUM variable (SQLDA), 11-8
SQLERRD(3) field, 8-11
using with batch fetch, 7-8
SQLERRD(3) variable, 8-9
SQLERRD(5) field, 8-12
SQLERRMC field, 8-11
SQLERRMC variable, 8-9
SQLERRML field, 8-11
SQLERROR condition, 8-16
of WHENEVER directive, 8-16
WHENEVER directive, F-95
SQLFC parameter, 8-23
SQLGLM subroutine
example, 8-14
parameters, 8-13
provides DSNTIAR support for DB2 conversions, 8-15
purpose, 8-13
restrictions, 8-14
syntax, 8-13
SQLGLS routine, 8-22, 8-23
parameters, 8-22
SQL codes returned by, 8-23
syntax, 8-22
using to obtain SQL text, 8-22
SQLIEM subroutine
restrictions, 8-14
SQLNUL subroutine
example, 11-22
parameters, 11-22
purpose, 11-22
syntax, 11-22
SQLPR2 subroutine, 11-21
SQLPRC subroutine
example, 11-20
parameters, 11-20
purpose, 11-20
syntax, 11-20
SQLROWIDGET
retrieving ROWID of last row inserted, 4-36
SQLSTATE
declaring, 8-3
SQLSTATE status variable
class code, 8-4
coding scheme, 8-4
effect of MODE option, 8-3
interpreting values, 8-4
predefined classes, 8-5
predefined status codes and conditions, 8-31
subclass code, 8-4
usage, 8-3
SQLSTM parameter, 8-22
SQLSTM routine, 8-22
SQLWARN(4) flag, 8-12
SQLWARNING
condition WHENEVER directive, F-95
SQLWARNING condition, 8-16
of WHENEVER directive, 8-16
statement-level rollback, 3-17
breaking deadlocks, 3-17
status codes for error reporting, 8-9
STMLEN parameter, 8-23
STOP action
of WHENEVER directive, 8-17, F-95
stored procedure
opening a cursor, 6-35
sample programs, 6-35
stored procedures
opening a cursor, 6-32
sample programs, 6-24
stored subprogram
calling, 6-22
creating, 6-21
packaged versus standalone, 6-21
stored versus inline, D-4
using to improve performance, D-4
stored subprogram, calling, 6-21
STRING datatype, 4-9
string literals
continuing on the next line, 2-13
subprogram, PL/SQL, 6-4
subprogram, PL/SQL or Java, 6-21
subquery, 5-10
example, 5-10, 5-11
using in the SET clause, 5-11
using in the VALUES clause, 5-10
syntactic checking, E-2
syntax
continuation lines, 2-13
embedded SQL statements, 2-15
SQLADR subroutine, 11-14
SQLGLM subroutine, 8-13
SQLNUL subroutine, 11-22
SQLPRC, 11-20
syntax diagrams
description of, F-7
how to read, F-7
how to use, F-7
symbols used in, F-7
syntax, embedded SQL, 2-6
SYSDATE function, 4-12
SYSDBA privilege, A-3
SYSDBA privilege show to set, 3-11
SYSOPER privilege, A-3
how to set, 3-11
system failures
effect on transactions, 3-13
System Global Area (SGA), 6-21

T

table (host) elements
maximum, 7-3
table lock
acquiring with LOCK TABLE, 3-22
row share, 3-22
when released, 3-23
tables
elements, 7-2
inserting rows into, F-55
updating rows in, F-88
tables of group items, A-3
tables, host, 7-2
TERMINAL format
COBOL statements, 2-12
terminator for embedded SQL statements, 2-19
terminator, SQL statements, A-7
THREADS
precompiler option, 12-8, 14-40
threads, F-20
allocating context, 12-9, F-20
enabling, 12-9, F-38
freeing context, 12-9, F-21
use context, 12-9, F-22
THREADS precompiler option, 14-40
TIMESTAMP, xxxviii, A-2
TIMESTAMP datatype, 4-13
TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE datatype, 4-14
TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIMEZONE, xxxviii, A-2
TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE datatype, 4-13
TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE, xxxviii, A-2
TO SAVEPOINT clause, 3-17
restrictions, 3-19
using in ROLLBACK statement, 3-17
trace facility
using to improve performance, D-5
transaction, 3-13
transactions
committing, F-15
contents, 3-13
guidelines, 3-24
how to begin, 3-13
how to end, 3-13
in-doubt, 3-23
making permanent, 3-14
read-only, 3-20
rolling back, F-77
subdividing with savepoints, 3-17
undoing, 3-15
undoing parts of, 3-18
when rolled back automatically, 3-14, 3-17
truncated values, 6-13
detecting, 4-26, 5-4
indicator variables, 6-2
truncation errors
when generated, 5-6
tuning, performance, D-2
TYPE statements
using the CHARF datatype specifier, 4-50
TYPE_CODE option
effect on functionality, 10-13
TYPE_CODE precompiler option, 14-40

U

UID function, 4-12
undo a transaction, F-77
universal ROWID, A-3
ROWID pseudocolumns, 4-35
UNSAFE_NULL precompiler option, 14-41
UNSIGNED datatype, 4-9
UPDATE statement, F-88
embedded SQL examples, F-92
example, 5-10
SET clause, 5-11
using host tables, 7-13
updating
rows in tables and views, F-88
use
thread context, 12-9
USER function, 4-13
user session, 3-12
user-defined record, 6-6
USERID option
using with the SQLCHECK option, E-4
USERID precompiler option, 14-41
usernames
defining, 3-2
hardcoding, 3-2
USING clause
CONNECT statement, 3-6
of FETCH statement, F-47
of OPEN statement, F-72
using in the EXECUTE statement, 9-14
using indicator variables, 9-14
using dbstring
Oracle Net database id specification, F-19

V

VALUE clause
initializing host variables, 4-21
VALUES clause
INSERT statement, 5-9
of embedded SQL INSERT statement, F-58
of INSERT statement, F-58
using a subquery, 5-10
VAR directive, F-92
examples, F-93
VAR statement
CONVBUFSZ clause, 4-48
syntax for, 4-46
using the CHARF datatype specifier, 4-50
VARCHAR datatype, 4-9
VARCHAR group items
implicit form, A-5
VARCHAR precompiler option, 14-42
VARCHAR pseudotype
using with PL/SQL, 6-11
VARCHAR variables
advantages, 4-34
as input variables, 4-33
as output variables, 4-34
declaring, 4-28
implicit group items, 4-29
length element, 4-29
maximum length, 4-29
referencing, 4-30
server handling, 4-33, 4-34
string element, 4-29
structure, 4-29
versus fixed-length strings, 4-34
with PL/SQL, 6-2
VARCHAR2 datatype
external, 4-9
VARNUM datatype, 4-10
VARRAW datatype, 4-10
VARYING keyword
versus VARYING phrase, 4-29
versions of COBOL supported, 2-12
views
inserting rows into, F-55
updating rows in, F-88

W

warning flags for error reporting, 8-9
WHENEVER
DO CALL example, 8-19
WHENEVER directive, 8-15, F-94
careless usage, 8-21
CONTINUE action, 8-16
DO CALL action, 8-16
DO PERFORM action, 8-17
example, 8-18
examples, F-96
GOTO action, 8-17
overview, 2-11
purpose, 8-15
scope of, 8-20
SQLERROR condition, 8-16
SQLWARNING condition, 8-16
STOP action, 8-17
syntax, 8-17
using to check SQLCA automatically, 8-15
WHENEVER DO CALL, A-3
WHERE clause, 5-11
DELETE statement, 5-11
of DELETE statement, F-33
of UPDATE statement, F-91
search condition, 5-11
SELECT statement, 5-8
UPDATE statement, 5-11
using host tables, 7-18
WHERE CURRENT OF clause, 5-16
WITH HOLD
clause of DECLARE CURSOR statement, 5-14
WITH HOLD clause, A-6
WORK option
of COMMIT statement, F-16
of ROLLBACK statement, F-78

X

XREF precompiler option, 14-42

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